Финансовый Эксперимент Ценою в $2000: [20] Микро-спад и макро-стабильность: "Именно так: небольшой спад по результатам очередной недели показал TP и, напротив - отличную стабильность в течение всей недели демонстриров..."
Превью постаТо, что скрыто под катом
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вторник, 19 апреля 2011 г.
вторник, 2 ноября 2010 г.
Куда Вложить Деньги http://doinvest.ru/ ответит на Ваш вопрос!!!
Проект которые открывает глаза на заработок денег http://doinvest.ru/ интересует вопрос куда вложить Деньги тогда этот проект для Вас.
Сегодня у нас в гостях Сергей Романов и он расскажет нам об очень интересном способе заработка.
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Что такое ПАММ-счет и каковы его преимущества:
ПАММ-счёт это особый торговый счёт для работы на финансовых рынках, с помощью которого доверительный управляющий управляет своими и Вашими деньгами. При этом Ваши средства с ПАММ-счёта не переводятся на счёт управляющего. Управляемый счёт принадлежит Вам, но все торговые операции на нём совершает управляющий без права снятия денежных средств.
- Главное преимущество ПАММ-счета это система безопасности, которая не дает возможности снять Ваши деньги, но дает возможность управляющему совершать сделки на этом счету; То есть украсть Ваши деньги управляющий чисто физически не может.
- Также немаловажным является наличие на ПАММ счете собственного капитала управляющего, который выступает гарантией соблюдения интересов инвестора.
- И конечно же у Вас есть возможность ввести или вывести средства в любой удобный для Вас момент.
- Но для меня самое главное преимущество это то, что ничего не нужно делать, а только ждать прибыли и заниматься собой.
Хочу также сказать, что трейдер TP является профессионалом в этой области! С результатами его работы можно ознакомиться в официальном рейтинге ПАММ-счетов, на сайте брокера: http://www.fx-trend.com/pamm/rating/
Я тоже являюсь инвестором этого управляющего и скажу честно меня он не подвел еще не разу.
Вы спросите, зачем я это все рассказываю, отвечу, так как денег много не бывает, я хочу еще заработать на партнерской программе,а Андрей выплачивает определенное вознаграждение за привлечение средств на торговый счет.
Если вас интересует возможность зарабатывать 20-30% в месяц от вложенных средств, причем с полным исключением не торговых рисков, прошу заходить на http://www.fx-trend.com/pamm/agent/6573/ Далеевам надо будет действовать согласно инструкции:
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Сегодня у нас в гостях Сергей Романов и он расскажет нам об очень интересном способе заработка.
Меня зовут Сергей Романов и я хочу поделиться с Вами очень выгодным инструментом для инвестирования средств и наиболее безопасным и простым способом приумножения Вашего капитала, в данный момент я зарабатываю вкладывая свои деньги в ПАММ-счет одного из успешных трейдеров Андрея Колоса, ник TP,победителя конкурса ПАММ счетов с результатом в 833% доходности счета, вотрезультаты конкурса, где Вы сами можете в этом убедится: http://www.fx-trend.com/news/Itogi_Zolotaja_Antilopa/
Что такое ПАММ-счет и каковы его преимущества:
ПАММ-счёт это особый торговый счёт для работы на финансовых рынках, с помощью которого доверительный управляющий управляет своими и Вашими деньгами. При этом Ваши средства с ПАММ-счёта не переводятся на счёт управляющего. Управляемый счёт принадлежит Вам, но все торговые операции на нём совершает управляющий без права снятия денежных средств.
- Главное преимущество ПАММ-счета это система безопасности, которая не дает возможности снять Ваши деньги, но дает возможность управляющему совершать сделки на этом счету; То есть украсть Ваши деньги управляющий чисто физически не может.
- Также немаловажным является наличие на ПАММ счете собственного капитала управляющего, который выступает гарантией соблюдения интересов инвестора.
- И конечно же у Вас есть возможность ввести или вывести средства в любой удобный для Вас момент.
- Но для меня самое главное преимущество это то, что ничего не нужно делать, а только ждать прибыли и заниматься собой.
Хочу также сказать, что трейдер TP является профессионалом в этой области! С результатами его работы можно ознакомиться в официальном рейтинге ПАММ-счетов, на сайте брокера: http://www.fx-trend.com/pamm/rating/
Я тоже являюсь инвестором этого управляющего и скажу честно меня он не подвел еще не разу.
Вы спросите, зачем я это все рассказываю, отвечу, так как денег много не бывает, я хочу еще заработать на партнерской программе,а Андрей выплачивает определенное вознаграждение за привлечение средств на торговый счет.
Если вас интересует возможность зарабатывать 20-30% в месяц от вложенных средств, причем с полным исключением не торговых рисков, прошу заходить на http://www.fx-trend.com/pamm/agent/6573/ Далеевам надо будет действовать согласно инструкции:
http://pamm.fx-trend.com/investor.php Читать дальше......
среда, 2 июня 2010 г.
Адвокат
Адвокат (лат. advocatus — от advoco — приглашаю) — лицо, профессией которого является оказание юридической помощи физическим лицам (гражданам, лицам без гражданства) и юридическим лицам (организациям), в том числе защита их интересов и прав в суде. Адвокатура как профессия известна с древнейших времён.
http://mygreatlawyers.blogspot.com/
В России адвокат — это независимый профессиональный советник по правовым вопросам (согласно п. 1 ст. 2 Федерального закона от 31 мая 2002 года № 63-ФЗ «Об адвокатской деятельности и адвокатуре в Российской Федерации») и принадлежит к людям т. н. свободной профессии (подобно частнопрактикующим врачам, независимым журналистам и т. п.).
Впервые адвокаты появились в Древнем Риме. Как отмечал польский юрист и историк права Е. В. Васьковский, «… первыми юристами в Риме были патроны. В лице их совмещались две профессии: юрисконсультов и адвокатов». Адвокатура республиканского периода Древнего Рима была свободной профессией и никакого корпоративного устройства не имела. Корпорация профессиональных защитников в суде сформировалась в Риме в эпоху Империи, то есть до нашей эры. Документально зафиксированная коллегия юристов-защитников формировалась на основе хорошо известных в позднейшие времена принципов: требовалось быть занесённым в матрикулы (официальный список лиц с определённым уровнем доходов) и успешно сдать испытания (экзамены) по праву. Устройство адвокатуры, сложившееся в эпоху Империи, было классическим. Оно стало основой всех последующих видоизменений адвокатуры, вплоть до новейшего времени.
A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law; as an attorney, counsel or solicitor; a person licensed to practice law."[1] Law is the system of rules of conduct established by the sovereign government of a society to correct wrongs, maintain the stability of political and social authority, and deliver justice. Working as a lawyer involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems, or to advance the interests of those who retain (i.e., hire) lawyers to perform legal services.
The role of the lawyer varies significantly across legal jurisdictions, and so it can be treated here in only the most general terms.[2][3] More information is available in country-specific articles (see below).[clarification needed]
In Australia the word "lawyer" is used to refer to both barristers and solicitors (whether in private practice or practising as corporate in-house counsel).
In Canada, the word "lawyer" only refers to individuals who have been called to the bar or have qualified as civil law notaries in the province of Quebec. Common law lawyers in Canada may also be known as "barristers and solicitors", but should not be referred to as "attorneys", since that term has a different meaning in Canadian usage. However, in Quebec, civil law advocates (or avocats in French) often call themselves "attorney" and sometimes "barrister and solicitor".
In England and Wales, "lawyer" is used loosely to refer to a broad variety of law-trained persons. It includes practitioners such as barristers, solicitors, legal executives and licensed conveyancers; and people who are involved with the law but do not practise it on behalf of individual clients, such as judges, court clerks, and drafters of legislation.
In India, the term "lawyer" is often colloquially used, but the official term is "advocate" as prescribed under the Advocates Act, 1961.[5]
In Scotland, the word "lawyer" refers to a more specific group of legally trained people. It specifically includes advocates and solicitors. In a generic sense, it may also include judges and law-trained support staff.
In the United States, the term generally refers to attorneys who may practice law; it is never used to refer to patent agents[6] or paralegals.[7]
Other nations tend to have comparable terms for the analogous concept.
[edit]
Responsibilities
In most countries, particularly civil law countries, there has been a tradition of giving many legal tasks to a variety of civil law notaries, clerks, and scriveners.[8][9] These countries do not have "lawyers" in the American sense, insofar as that term refers to a single type of general-purpose legal services provider;[10] rather, their legal professions consist of a large number of different kinds of law-trained persons, known as jurists, of which only some are advocates who are licensed to practice in the courts.[11][12][13] It is difficult to formulate accurate generalizations that cover all the countries with multiple legal professions, because each country has traditionally had its own peculiar method of dividing up legal work among all its different types of legal professionals.[14]
Notably, England, the mother of the common law jurisdictions, emerged from the Dark Ages with similar complexity in its legal professions, but then evolved by the 19th century to a single dichotomy between barristers and solicitors. An equivalent dichotomy developed between advocates and procurators in some civil law countries, though these two types did not always monopolize the practice of law as much as barristers and solicitors, in that they always coexisted with civil law notaries.[15][16][17]
Several countries that originally had two or more legal professions have since fused or united their professions into a single type of lawyer.[18][19][20][21] Most countries in this category are common law countries, though France, a civil law country, merged together its jurists in 1990 and 1991 in response to Anglo-American competition.[22] In countries with fused professions, a lawyer is usually permitted to carry out all or nearly all the responsibilities listed below.
[edit]
Oral argument in the courts
Arguing a client's case before a judge or jury in a court of law is the traditional province of the barrister in England, and of advocates in some civil law jurisdictions.[23] However, the boundary between barristers and solicitors has evolved. In England today, the barrister monopoly covers only appellate courts, and barristers must compete directly with solicitors in many trial courts.[24] In countries like the United States that have fused legal professions, there are trial lawyers who specialize in trying cases in court, but trial lawyers do not have a de jure monopoly like barristers. In some countries, litigants have the option of arguing pro se, or on their own behalf. It is common for litigants to appear unrepresented before certain courts like small claims courts; indeed, many such courts do not allow lawyers to speak for their clients, in an effort to save money for all participants in a small case.[25] In other countries, like Venezuela, no one may appear before a judge unless represented by a lawyer.[26] The advantage of the latter regime is that lawyers are familiar with the court's customs and procedures, and make the legal system more efficient for all involved. Unrepresented parties often damage their own credibility or slow the court down as a result of their inexperience.[27][28]
[edit]
Research and drafting of court papers
Often, lawyers brief a court in writing on the issues in a case before the issues can be orally argued. They may have to perform extensive research into relevant facts and law while drafting legal papers and preparing for oral argument.
In England, the usual division of labour is that a solicitor will obtain the facts of the case from the client and then brief a barrister (usually in writing).[29] The barrister then researches and drafts the necessary court pleadings (which will be filed and served by the solicitor) and orally argues the case.[30]
In Spain, the procurator merely signs and presents the papers to the court, but it is the advocate who drafts the papers and argues the case.[31]
In some countries, like Japan, a scrivener or clerk may fill out court forms and draft simple papers for lay persons who cannot afford or do not need attorneys, and advise them on how to manage and argue their own cases.[32]
[edit]
Advocacy (written and oral) in administrative hearings
In most developed countries, the legislature has granted original jurisdiction over highly technical matters to executive branch administrative agencies which oversee such things. As a result, some lawyers have become specialists in administrative law. In a few countries, there is a special category of jurists with a monopoly over this form of advocacy; for example, France formerly had conseils juridiques (who were merged into the main legal profession in 1991).[33] In other countries, like the United States, lawyers have been effectively barred by statute from certain types of administrative hearings in order to preserve their informality.[34]
[edit]
Client intake and counseling (with regard to pending litigation)
An important aspect of a lawyer's job is developing and managing relationships with clients (or the client's employees, if the lawyer works in-house for a government or corporation). The client-lawyer relationship often begins with an intake interview where the lawyer gets to know the client personally, discovers the facts of the client's case, clarifies what the client wants to accomplish, shapes the client's expectations as to what actually can be accomplished, begins to develop various claims or defenses, and explains his or her fees to the client.[35][36]
In England, only solicitors were traditionally in direct contact with the client.[37] The solicitor retained a barrister if one was necessary and acted as an intermediary between the barrister and the client.[38] In most cases a barrister would be obliged, under what is known as the "cab rank rule", to accept instructions for a case in an area in which they held themselves out as practising, at a court at which they normally appeared and at their usual rates.[39][40]
[edit]
Legal advice
Main article: Legal advice
Legal advice is the application of abstract principles of law to the concrete facts of the client's case in order to advise the client about what they should do next. In many countries, only a properly licensed lawyer may provide legal advice to clients for good consideration, even if no lawsuit is contemplated or is in progress.[41][42][43] Therefore, even conveyancers and corporate in-house counsel must first get a license to practice, though they may actually spend very little of their careers in court. Failure to obey such a rule is the crime of unauthorized practice of law.[44]
In other countries, jurists who hold law degrees are allowed to provide legal advice to individuals or to corporations, and it is irrelevant if they lack a license and cannot appear in court.[45][46] Some countries go further; in England and Wales, there is no general prohibition on the giving of legal advice.[47] Sometimes civil law notaries are allowed to give legal advice, as in Belgium.[48] In many countries, non-jurist accountants may provide what is technically legal advice in tax and accounting matters.[49]
[edit]
Protecting intellectual property
In virtually all countries, patents, trademarks, industrial designs and other forms of intellectual property must be formally registered with a government agency in order to receive maximum protection under the law. The division of such work among lawyers, licensed non-lawyer jurists/agents, and ordinary clerks or scriveners varies greatly from one country to the next.[32][50]
[edit]
Negotiating and drafting contracts
In some countries, the negotiating and drafting of contracts is considered to be similar to the provision of legal advice, so that it is subject to the licensing requirement explained above.[51] In others, jurists or notaries may negotiate or draft contracts.[52]
Lawyers in some civil law countries traditionally deprecated "transactional law" or "business law" as beneath them. French law firms developed transactional departments only in the 1990s when they started to lose business to international firms based in the United States and the United Kingdom (where solicitors have always done transactional work).[53]
[edit]
Conveyancing
Conveyancing is the drafting of the documents necessary for the transfer of real property, such as deeds and mortgages. In some jurisdictions, all real estate transactions must be carried out by a lawyer (or a solicitor where that distinction still exists).[54] Such a monopoly is quite valuable from the lawyer's point of view; historically, conveyancing accounted for about half of English solicitors' income (though this has since changed),[55] and a 1978 study showed that conveyancing "accounts for as much as 80 percent of solicitor-client contact in New South Wales."[56] In most common law jurisdictions outside of the United States, this monopoly arose from an 1804 law[57] that was introduced by William Pitt the Younger as a quid pro quo for the raising of fees on the certification of legal professionals such as barristers, solicitors, attorneys and notaries.[58]
In others, the use of a lawyer is optional and banks, title companies, or realtors may be used instead.[59] In some civil law jurisdictions, real estate transactions are handled by civil law notaries.[60] In England and Wales a special class of legal professional–the licensed conveyancer–is also allowed to carry out conveyancing services for reward.[61]
[edit]
Carrying out the intent of the deceased
In many countries, only lawyers have the legal authority to draft wills, trusts, and any other documents that ensure the efficient disposition of a person's property after death. In some civil law countries this responsibility is handled by civil law notaries.[52]
In the United States, the estates of the deceased must generally be administered by a court through probate. American lawyers have a profitable monopoly on dispensing advice about probate law (which has been heavily criticized).[62]
[edit]
Prosecution and defense of criminal suspects
In many civil law countries, prosecutors are trained and employed as part of the judiciary; they are law-trained jurists, but may not necessarily be lawyers in the sense that the word is used in the common law world.[63] In common law countries, prosecutors are usually lawyers holding regular licenses who simply happen to work for the government office that files criminal charges against suspects. Criminal defense lawyers specialize in the defense of those charged with any crimes.[64]
[edit]
Education
Main article: Legal education
The educational prerequisites to becoming a lawyer vary greatly from country to country. In some countries, law is taught by a faculty of law, which is a department of a university's general undergraduate college.[65] Law students in those countries pursue a Master or Bachelor of Laws degree. In some countries it is common or even required for students to earn another bachelor's degree at the same time. Nor is the LL.B the sole obstacle; it is often followed by a series of advanced examinations, apprenticeships, and additional coursework at special government institutes.[66]
In other countries, particularly the United States, law is primarily taught at law schools. In the United States[67] and countries following the American model, (such as Canada[68] with the exception of the province of Quebec) law schools are graduate/professional schools where a bachelor's degree is a prerequisite for admission. Most law schools are part of universities but a few are independent institutions. Law schools in the United States (and many in Canada and elsewhere) award graduating students a J.D. (Juris Doctor/Doctor of Jurisprudence) (as opposed to the Bachelor of Laws) as the practitioner's law degree. Many schools also offer post-doctoral law degrees such as the LL.M (Legum Magister/Master of Laws), or the S.J.D. (Scientiae Juridicae Doctor/Doctor of Juridical Science) for students interested in advancing their research knowledge and credentials in a specific area of law.[69]
The methods and quality of legal education vary widely. Some countries require extensive clinical training in the form of apprenticeships or special clinical courses.[70] Others, like Venezuela, do not.[71] A few countries prefer to teach through assigned readings of judicial opinions (the casebook method) followed by intense in-class cross-examination by the professor (the Socratic method).[72][73] Many others have only lectures on highly abstract legal doctrines, which forces young lawyers to figure out how to actually think and write like a lawyer at their first apprenticeship (or job).[74][75][76] Depending upon the country, a typical class size could range from five students in a seminar to five hundred in a giant lecture room. In the United States, law schools maintain small class sizes, and as such, grant admissions on a more limited and competitive basis.[77]
Some countries, particularly industrialized ones, have a traditional preference for full-time law programs,[78] while in developing countries, students often work full- or part-time to pay the tuition and fees of their part-time law programs.[79][80]
Law schools in developing countries share several common problems, such as an overreliance on practicing judges and lawyers who treat teaching as a part-time hobby (and a concomitant scarcity of full-time law professors);[81][82] incompetent faculty with questionable credentials;[83] and textbooks that lag behind the current state of the law by two or three decades.[81][84]
[edit]
Earning the right to practice law
Main article: Admission to practice law
Some jurisdictions grant a "diploma privilege" to certain institutions, so that merely earning a degree or credential from those institutions is the primary qualification for practicing law.[85] Mexico allows anyone with a law degree to practice law.[86] However, in a large number of countries, a law student must pass a bar examination (or a series of such examinations) before receiving a license to practice.[85][87][88] In a handful of U.S. states, one may become an attorney (a so-called country lawyer) by simply "reading law" and passing the bar examination, without having to attend law school first (although very few people actually become lawyers that way).[89]
mygreatlawyers. blogspot. com
Some countries require a formal apprenticeship with an experienced practitioner, while others do not.[90] For example, a few jurisdictions still allow an apprenticeship in place of any kind of formal legal education (though the number of persons who actually become lawyers that way is increasingly rare).[91]
Читать дальше......
http://mygreatlawyers.blogspot.com/
В России адвокат — это независимый профессиональный советник по правовым вопросам (согласно п. 1 ст. 2 Федерального закона от 31 мая 2002 года № 63-ФЗ «Об адвокатской деятельности и адвокатуре в Российской Федерации») и принадлежит к людям т. н. свободной профессии (подобно частнопрактикующим врачам, независимым журналистам и т. п.).
Впервые адвокаты появились в Древнем Риме. Как отмечал польский юрист и историк права Е. В. Васьковский, «… первыми юристами в Риме были патроны. В лице их совмещались две профессии: юрисконсультов и адвокатов». Адвокатура республиканского периода Древнего Рима была свободной профессией и никакого корпоративного устройства не имела. Корпорация профессиональных защитников в суде сформировалась в Риме в эпоху Империи, то есть до нашей эры. Документально зафиксированная коллегия юристов-защитников формировалась на основе хорошо известных в позднейшие времена принципов: требовалось быть занесённым в матрикулы (официальный список лиц с определённым уровнем доходов) и успешно сдать испытания (экзамены) по праву. Устройство адвокатуры, сложившееся в эпоху Империи, было классическим. Оно стало основой всех последующих видоизменений адвокатуры, вплоть до новейшего времени.
A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law; as an attorney, counsel or solicitor; a person licensed to practice law."[1] Law is the system of rules of conduct established by the sovereign government of a society to correct wrongs, maintain the stability of political and social authority, and deliver justice. Working as a lawyer involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems, or to advance the interests of those who retain (i.e., hire) lawyers to perform legal services.
The role of the lawyer varies significantly across legal jurisdictions, and so it can be treated here in only the most general terms.[2][3] More information is available in country-specific articles (see below).[clarification needed]
In Australia the word "lawyer" is used to refer to both barristers and solicitors (whether in private practice or practising as corporate in-house counsel).
In Canada, the word "lawyer" only refers to individuals who have been called to the bar or have qualified as civil law notaries in the province of Quebec. Common law lawyers in Canada may also be known as "barristers and solicitors", but should not be referred to as "attorneys", since that term has a different meaning in Canadian usage. However, in Quebec, civil law advocates (or avocats in French) often call themselves "attorney" and sometimes "barrister and solicitor".
In England and Wales, "lawyer" is used loosely to refer to a broad variety of law-trained persons. It includes practitioners such as barristers, solicitors, legal executives and licensed conveyancers; and people who are involved with the law but do not practise it on behalf of individual clients, such as judges, court clerks, and drafters of legislation.
In India, the term "lawyer" is often colloquially used, but the official term is "advocate" as prescribed under the Advocates Act, 1961.[5]
In Scotland, the word "lawyer" refers to a more specific group of legally trained people. It specifically includes advocates and solicitors. In a generic sense, it may also include judges and law-trained support staff.
In the United States, the term generally refers to attorneys who may practice law; it is never used to refer to patent agents[6] or paralegals.[7]
Other nations tend to have comparable terms for the analogous concept.
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Responsibilities
In most countries, particularly civil law countries, there has been a tradition of giving many legal tasks to a variety of civil law notaries, clerks, and scriveners.[8][9] These countries do not have "lawyers" in the American sense, insofar as that term refers to a single type of general-purpose legal services provider;[10] rather, their legal professions consist of a large number of different kinds of law-trained persons, known as jurists, of which only some are advocates who are licensed to practice in the courts.[11][12][13] It is difficult to formulate accurate generalizations that cover all the countries with multiple legal professions, because each country has traditionally had its own peculiar method of dividing up legal work among all its different types of legal professionals.[14]
Notably, England, the mother of the common law jurisdictions, emerged from the Dark Ages with similar complexity in its legal professions, but then evolved by the 19th century to a single dichotomy between barristers and solicitors. An equivalent dichotomy developed between advocates and procurators in some civil law countries, though these two types did not always monopolize the practice of law as much as barristers and solicitors, in that they always coexisted with civil law notaries.[15][16][17]
Several countries that originally had two or more legal professions have since fused or united their professions into a single type of lawyer.[18][19][20][21] Most countries in this category are common law countries, though France, a civil law country, merged together its jurists in 1990 and 1991 in response to Anglo-American competition.[22] In countries with fused professions, a lawyer is usually permitted to carry out all or nearly all the responsibilities listed below.
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Oral argument in the courts
Arguing a client's case before a judge or jury in a court of law is the traditional province of the barrister in England, and of advocates in some civil law jurisdictions.[23] However, the boundary between barristers and solicitors has evolved. In England today, the barrister monopoly covers only appellate courts, and barristers must compete directly with solicitors in many trial courts.[24] In countries like the United States that have fused legal professions, there are trial lawyers who specialize in trying cases in court, but trial lawyers do not have a de jure monopoly like barristers. In some countries, litigants have the option of arguing pro se, or on their own behalf. It is common for litigants to appear unrepresented before certain courts like small claims courts; indeed, many such courts do not allow lawyers to speak for their clients, in an effort to save money for all participants in a small case.[25] In other countries, like Venezuela, no one may appear before a judge unless represented by a lawyer.[26] The advantage of the latter regime is that lawyers are familiar with the court's customs and procedures, and make the legal system more efficient for all involved. Unrepresented parties often damage their own credibility or slow the court down as a result of their inexperience.[27][28]
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Research and drafting of court papers
Often, lawyers brief a court in writing on the issues in a case before the issues can be orally argued. They may have to perform extensive research into relevant facts and law while drafting legal papers and preparing for oral argument.
In England, the usual division of labour is that a solicitor will obtain the facts of the case from the client and then brief a barrister (usually in writing).[29] The barrister then researches and drafts the necessary court pleadings (which will be filed and served by the solicitor) and orally argues the case.[30]
In Spain, the procurator merely signs and presents the papers to the court, but it is the advocate who drafts the papers and argues the case.[31]
In some countries, like Japan, a scrivener or clerk may fill out court forms and draft simple papers for lay persons who cannot afford or do not need attorneys, and advise them on how to manage and argue their own cases.[32]
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Advocacy (written and oral) in administrative hearings
In most developed countries, the legislature has granted original jurisdiction over highly technical matters to executive branch administrative agencies which oversee such things. As a result, some lawyers have become specialists in administrative law. In a few countries, there is a special category of jurists with a monopoly over this form of advocacy; for example, France formerly had conseils juridiques (who were merged into the main legal profession in 1991).[33] In other countries, like the United States, lawyers have been effectively barred by statute from certain types of administrative hearings in order to preserve their informality.[34]
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Client intake and counseling (with regard to pending litigation)
An important aspect of a lawyer's job is developing and managing relationships with clients (or the client's employees, if the lawyer works in-house for a government or corporation). The client-lawyer relationship often begins with an intake interview where the lawyer gets to know the client personally, discovers the facts of the client's case, clarifies what the client wants to accomplish, shapes the client's expectations as to what actually can be accomplished, begins to develop various claims or defenses, and explains his or her fees to the client.[35][36]
In England, only solicitors were traditionally in direct contact with the client.[37] The solicitor retained a barrister if one was necessary and acted as an intermediary between the barrister and the client.[38] In most cases a barrister would be obliged, under what is known as the "cab rank rule", to accept instructions for a case in an area in which they held themselves out as practising, at a court at which they normally appeared and at their usual rates.[39][40]
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Legal advice
Main article: Legal advice
Legal advice is the application of abstract principles of law to the concrete facts of the client's case in order to advise the client about what they should do next. In many countries, only a properly licensed lawyer may provide legal advice to clients for good consideration, even if no lawsuit is contemplated or is in progress.[41][42][43] Therefore, even conveyancers and corporate in-house counsel must first get a license to practice, though they may actually spend very little of their careers in court. Failure to obey such a rule is the crime of unauthorized practice of law.[44]
In other countries, jurists who hold law degrees are allowed to provide legal advice to individuals or to corporations, and it is irrelevant if they lack a license and cannot appear in court.[45][46] Some countries go further; in England and Wales, there is no general prohibition on the giving of legal advice.[47] Sometimes civil law notaries are allowed to give legal advice, as in Belgium.[48] In many countries, non-jurist accountants may provide what is technically legal advice in tax and accounting matters.[49]
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Protecting intellectual property
In virtually all countries, patents, trademarks, industrial designs and other forms of intellectual property must be formally registered with a government agency in order to receive maximum protection under the law. The division of such work among lawyers, licensed non-lawyer jurists/agents, and ordinary clerks or scriveners varies greatly from one country to the next.[32][50]
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Negotiating and drafting contracts
In some countries, the negotiating and drafting of contracts is considered to be similar to the provision of legal advice, so that it is subject to the licensing requirement explained above.[51] In others, jurists or notaries may negotiate or draft contracts.[52]
Lawyers in some civil law countries traditionally deprecated "transactional law" or "business law" as beneath them. French law firms developed transactional departments only in the 1990s when they started to lose business to international firms based in the United States and the United Kingdom (where solicitors have always done transactional work).[53]
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Conveyancing
Conveyancing is the drafting of the documents necessary for the transfer of real property, such as deeds and mortgages. In some jurisdictions, all real estate transactions must be carried out by a lawyer (or a solicitor where that distinction still exists).[54] Such a monopoly is quite valuable from the lawyer's point of view; historically, conveyancing accounted for about half of English solicitors' income (though this has since changed),[55] and a 1978 study showed that conveyancing "accounts for as much as 80 percent of solicitor-client contact in New South Wales."[56] In most common law jurisdictions outside of the United States, this monopoly arose from an 1804 law[57] that was introduced by William Pitt the Younger as a quid pro quo for the raising of fees on the certification of legal professionals such as barristers, solicitors, attorneys and notaries.[58]
In others, the use of a lawyer is optional and banks, title companies, or realtors may be used instead.[59] In some civil law jurisdictions, real estate transactions are handled by civil law notaries.[60] In England and Wales a special class of legal professional–the licensed conveyancer–is also allowed to carry out conveyancing services for reward.[61]
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Carrying out the intent of the deceased
In many countries, only lawyers have the legal authority to draft wills, trusts, and any other documents that ensure the efficient disposition of a person's property after death. In some civil law countries this responsibility is handled by civil law notaries.[52]
In the United States, the estates of the deceased must generally be administered by a court through probate. American lawyers have a profitable monopoly on dispensing advice about probate law (which has been heavily criticized).[62]
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Prosecution and defense of criminal suspects
In many civil law countries, prosecutors are trained and employed as part of the judiciary; they are law-trained jurists, but may not necessarily be lawyers in the sense that the word is used in the common law world.[63] In common law countries, prosecutors are usually lawyers holding regular licenses who simply happen to work for the government office that files criminal charges against suspects. Criminal defense lawyers specialize in the defense of those charged with any crimes.[64]
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Education
Main article: Legal education
The educational prerequisites to becoming a lawyer vary greatly from country to country. In some countries, law is taught by a faculty of law, which is a department of a university's general undergraduate college.[65] Law students in those countries pursue a Master or Bachelor of Laws degree. In some countries it is common or even required for students to earn another bachelor's degree at the same time. Nor is the LL.B the sole obstacle; it is often followed by a series of advanced examinations, apprenticeships, and additional coursework at special government institutes.[66]
In other countries, particularly the United States, law is primarily taught at law schools. In the United States[67] and countries following the American model, (such as Canada[68] with the exception of the province of Quebec) law schools are graduate/professional schools where a bachelor's degree is a prerequisite for admission. Most law schools are part of universities but a few are independent institutions. Law schools in the United States (and many in Canada and elsewhere) award graduating students a J.D. (Juris Doctor/Doctor of Jurisprudence) (as opposed to the Bachelor of Laws) as the practitioner's law degree. Many schools also offer post-doctoral law degrees such as the LL.M (Legum Magister/Master of Laws), or the S.J.D. (Scientiae Juridicae Doctor/Doctor of Juridical Science) for students interested in advancing their research knowledge and credentials in a specific area of law.[69]
The methods and quality of legal education vary widely. Some countries require extensive clinical training in the form of apprenticeships or special clinical courses.[70] Others, like Venezuela, do not.[71] A few countries prefer to teach through assigned readings of judicial opinions (the casebook method) followed by intense in-class cross-examination by the professor (the Socratic method).[72][73] Many others have only lectures on highly abstract legal doctrines, which forces young lawyers to figure out how to actually think and write like a lawyer at their first apprenticeship (or job).[74][75][76] Depending upon the country, a typical class size could range from five students in a seminar to five hundred in a giant lecture room. In the United States, law schools maintain small class sizes, and as such, grant admissions on a more limited and competitive basis.[77]
Some countries, particularly industrialized ones, have a traditional preference for full-time law programs,[78] while in developing countries, students often work full- or part-time to pay the tuition and fees of their part-time law programs.[79][80]
Law schools in developing countries share several common problems, such as an overreliance on practicing judges and lawyers who treat teaching as a part-time hobby (and a concomitant scarcity of full-time law professors);[81][82] incompetent faculty with questionable credentials;[83] and textbooks that lag behind the current state of the law by two or three decades.[81][84]
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Earning the right to practice law
Main article: Admission to practice law
Some jurisdictions grant a "diploma privilege" to certain institutions, so that merely earning a degree or credential from those institutions is the primary qualification for practicing law.[85] Mexico allows anyone with a law degree to practice law.[86] However, in a large number of countries, a law student must pass a bar examination (or a series of such examinations) before receiving a license to practice.[85][87][88] In a handful of U.S. states, one may become an attorney (a so-called country lawyer) by simply "reading law" and passing the bar examination, without having to attend law school first (although very few people actually become lawyers that way).[89]
mygreatlawyers. blogspot. com
Some countries require a formal apprenticeship with an experienced practitioner, while others do not.[90] For example, a few jurisdictions still allow an apprenticeship in place of any kind of formal legal education (though the number of persons who actually become lawyers that way is increasingly rare).[91]
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понедельник, 4 мая 2009 г.
Расширение рынка Forex
Расширение рынка Forex, сегодня рынок форекс а именно торговые платформы откроются и в Азии...
То, что скрыто под катом
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То, что скрыто под катом
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пятница, 27 марта 2009 г.
Формирование котировок на форекс
Как Мы уже знаем forex это огромный межбанковский рынок, а с этого Мы можем сделать вывод, что основными и практически одним источником котировок есть банки. А остальные только ретранслируют банковские котировки.
Теперь наверное нужно сказать, что такое котировка банков.
Практически каждый крупный банк котирует своим клиентам и другим банкам-контрагентам «это банки, с которым крупный банк подписал договор и обменялся разными платежными документами, ну или реквезитами» курсы, по которым он может в данный момент совершать операции. Но сам процесс котирования выполняется через такие средства как-торговые терминалы, интернет, а иногда и по телефону. Да Forex это не простая штука.
Куда же деваются котировки?
Все котировки, а также котировки реальных сделок отправляют в специализированные информационные системы такие как-Reuters, Bloomberg, Tenfor, DBC , а вот уже из них они поступают по всему миру - клиентам информационных систем.
Из этого мы видем, что котировки, которые полученные из инфо. систем, являются индикативными и это совсем не означает, что где-то в мире(например Forex/форекс) по ним была совершена сделка. И вообще, не все котировки реальных сделок могут попасть в информационную систему. Одним словом что бы мы видели котировки на Forex/форекс все это дело проходит длинный процес
Так что вот так формируются котировки на рынке Forex/форекс.
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Теперь наверное нужно сказать, что такое котировка банков.
Практически каждый крупный банк котирует своим клиентам и другим банкам-контрагентам «это банки, с которым крупный банк подписал договор и обменялся разными платежными документами, ну или реквезитами» курсы, по которым он может в данный момент совершать операции. Но сам процесс котирования выполняется через такие средства как-торговые терминалы, интернет, а иногда и по телефону. Да Forex это не простая штука.
Куда же деваются котировки?
Все котировки, а также котировки реальных сделок отправляют в специализированные информационные системы такие как-Reuters, Bloomberg, Tenfor, DBC , а вот уже из них они поступают по всему миру - клиентам информационных систем.
Из этого мы видем, что котировки, которые полученные из инфо. систем, являются индикативными и это совсем не означает, что где-то в мире(например Forex/форекс) по ним была совершена сделка. И вообще, не все котировки реальных сделок могут попасть в информационную систему. Одним словом что бы мы видели котировки на Forex/форекс все это дело проходит длинный процес
Так что вот так формируются котировки на рынке Forex/форекс.
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четверг, 26 марта 2009 г.
Количество заявлений на пособие по безработице в США повысилось до 652 тыс.
Количество заявлений на пособие по безработице в США повысилось до 652 тыс.
Количество заявлений на пособие по безработице в США, поданных за неделю к 21 марта, увеличилось по сравнению с предыдущей неделей на 8 тыс. до 652 тыс. Среднее значение данного показателя за последние четыре недели снизилось на 1 тыс. до 649 тыс.
Число американцев, продолжающих получать пособие по безработице, преодолело новую рекордную отметку. За неделю к 14 марта показатель увеличился на 122 тыс. до 5,56 млн. человек.
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Количество заявлений на пособие по безработице в США, поданных за неделю к 21 марта, увеличилось по сравнению с предыдущей неделей на 8 тыс. до 652 тыс. Среднее значение данного показателя за последние четыре недели снизилось на 1 тыс. до 649 тыс.
Число американцев, продолжающих получать пособие по безработице, преодолело новую рекордную отметку. За неделю к 14 марта показатель увеличился на 122 тыс. до 5,56 млн. человек.
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Преимущества рынка Forex
Чем же вызвана такая популярность рынка Forex/Форекс среди начинающих и профессиональных инвесторов?
Рассмотрим ряд факторов:
1. Ликвидность
Знаете ли Вы, что через рынок Forex в сутки проходет более триллиона долларов. Рынок Forex является самым большим рынком в мире. А такая ликвидность позволяет нам открывать и закрывать позиции любого объема и мгновенно, без каких то затруднений.
2. Неограниченность во времени
На биржевых рынках операции проводятся только в период рабочей сессии,а она совпадает с рабочим днем в в своей стране, рынок forex же, наоборот работает 24 часа в сутки. И участникам рынка не нужно ждать открытия торгов. А еще, практически отсутствуют скачки в изменениях цены-гэпы, которые часто случаются на биржах а вызванно это тем что нужная информация поступает не вовремя. А это значит что трейдер может более шире планировать свою торговую активность.
3. Низкие издержки
Спред, мы уже говорили о этом термени в предедущем посте, он означает разницу между покупкой и продажей. На рынке Forex во много раз меньше спреда на других рынках. Например, на одном из самых развитых товарных рынков - на рынке золота спред больше аналогичного на рынке forex примерно в 10 раз.
4. Направленность рынка.
Обытом я уже упоминал в предедущих постах.
5. Информационная обеспеченность.
Рынок Forex, являясь международным рынком валют который подчиняется общенациональным и международным факторам, информация о нем общедоступна, а новостные ленты не требуют очень большой платы, или вообще бесплатны. А это очень удешевляет торговлю и дает возможность проработать и воспользоваться большим обьемом информации. Информация по остальным рынкам, как правило, либо закрыта, либо очень дорога.
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